FHA Loans An Alternative to the 20% Down Payment

FHA Loans An Alternative to the 20% Down Payment FHA Loans: An Alternative to the 20% Down Payment FHA Loans: An Alternative to the 20% Down PaymentThink you can’t afford a mortgage? Maybe you actually can.Houses are incredibly expensive. The vast majority of Americans do not have the mountains of cash on hand required to buy a home outright, so a loan is almost always required.A traditional mortgage loan is one of the more common paths to home ownership. A mortgage is a secured loan that uses the purchased home as collateral. In other words, if the payments aren’t made, the bank or lender can seize the home, which is part of the foreclosure process.However, while a mortgage is far more achievable than trying to buy a home with cash, it is still very costly. Even before you start thinking about monthly payments, you will likely have to provide a significant down payment to seal the deal, which does not include the closing fees, inspection costs, taxes, and other expenses affiliated with purchasing a home. Given the size of these loans, your credit score will also need to vouch for you before a lender will grant you a mortgage.Is there an option for aspiring homeowners who cannot afford a traditional mortgage or a 20% down payment, or for those who may not have an immaculate credit report? Enter the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loan.FHA loan: definedFHA loans are administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and are intended as a means for low-income Americans to become homeowners.Benjamin Ross, a realtor, landlord, and investment specialist at My Active Agent, says FHA loans can be appealing to first-time homebuyers or individuals with low to moderate incomes.“FHA loans are perfect for borrowers with little cash in the bank for a down payment, and individuals who have less-than-ideal credit and cant be eligible for a standard loan,” he says. “Repeat buyers could get a Federal Housing Administration loan as well, though it must be used to purchase a primary residence.”FHA loans: Do you qualify?As Ross mentions, you can only qualify for an FHA loan if you are using it to buy a primary residence. So if you were considering an FHA loan to pick up a vacation home or a rental property, you will have to find another path to that goal.FHA loans still require a down payment and specific financial qualifications, but with a minimum down payment of 3.5% of the home’s purchase price, they are easier to manage than most alternative means. However, the 3.5% rate only applies to applicants with a credit score of at least 580. A lower credit score may not prevent you from receiving an FHA loan, but it will likely come with a higher down payment requirement.Unfortunately, it is possible to have a score low enough to make qualifying at all unlikely, Ross says.“Individuals with credit ratings under 500 generally are ineligible for FHA loans,” he warns. “However, there might be some wiggle room there. The FHA allows for (under certain conditions) applicants with ‘nontraditional credit rating or in adequate credit’ if the borrower meets other criteria. Ask your FHA loan provider or perhaps a FHA loan specialist if you think you may qualify.”You will also have to prove that you have been receiving a regular and sufficient income and that you are likely to continue to earn sufficient income to pay off the loan obligations. Paystubs, bank statements, and tax returns may all be necessary to prove your means.Finally, if you have had a foreclosure or bankruptcy in the last couple of years, you may need to wait for application to receive proper consideration.You can find an FHA lender near you through the HUD website.The lender will still charge you a closing fee, but there will be a limit to that fee.“HUD limits just how much FHA lenders may charge in closing costs to a maximum of 3%-5% from the amount borrowed,” Ross says. “Closing costs are different depending on which state you reside in, the size of the loan, and if you pay [extra fees to the lender] to lower the inter est rate.”Alternative optionsRenting has gotten a bit of a bad reputation. The main argument against renting a home is that you will not be building equity, or ownership, in that home. Assuming you move one day, you could sell your home and recoup some, all, or more of the money you put it into it. If you rent your home, then you will not be able to recoup any of the rent money when you move out.Despite this reality, renting may be the best option if you can not qualify for an affordable mortgage. The additional costs associated with buying and selling a home may also not be worth paying if you are considering moving in the short term. While you are renting, you can build up your credit so you will have better options if the time comes to find a mortgage. However, if the idea of home ownership is still appealing to you, there are various mortgage options that may better suit your lifestyle or circumstance.Regardless, there is no shame in using an FHA loan, continuing to rent until it makes sense to pursue a traditional mortgage, or just renting for the long term. You should do what makes sense for your specific situation.ContributorsBenjamin Ross started real estate investing in 2002. He became a self- made millionaire at 38 years old. He is a realtor serving the state of Texas, and owns various rental properties in Fort Worth. He works with investors, finding the right investments for them and assisting them with their acquisition strategies. He is an expert in the real estate field.

Gender Inequality in Hong Kong - 2274 Words

INTRODUCTION There are various feminist critiques of the welfare state. They all exist to examine and develop their critiques on the individual welfare services  ¡V health, housing, education, social security and the personal services. The aim of this paper is to examine the various feminist critiques and thus to decide which perspectives are effective in analyzing the gender inequality in Hong Kong. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part will discuss the different theoretical and strategic positions within feminism  ¡V Libertarian Feminism; Liberal Feminism; Welfare Feminism; Radical Feminism; Socialist Feminism and Black Feminism. The second part will try to look at the situation of gender inequality in Hong Kong.†¦show more content†¦They think through the processes of socialization and education can lastly eliminate sex discrimination. Besides, pressurizing for reforms, to minimize the impact arising from women ¡Ã‚ ¦s biology role, is considering as the other strategy that they have adopted. They argue that women should be free to compete and use their skills and abilities if they have the right to contraception and abortion, maternity leave, state provision of day-care facilities for dependants. At last, women would take advantage of opportunities and rights through the reforming laws, provision and changed attitudes and behaviour. Equal op portunities are their ultimate aims to pursue. Welfare Feminism Welfare feminism struggles for reforms for women not only in the public sphere but also at their needs as mothers and wives within the private sphere. They think women ¡Ã‚ ¦s oppression is caused by the devaluation of motherhood. They ask for equal pay for wives and mothers through the welfare reforms. They strike for the interest of working-class women and seek material improvements for them, for example, maternity benefit, campaigns for infant health centers, antenatal clinic, birth control, etc. They think women ¡Ã‚ ¦s status and the conditions of motherhood can be improved by asking more from these state benefits. Radical Feminism Radical feminist think that women oppressed is caused by the state exercising male power over women. They criticize state represent patriarchalShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality in Modern Hong Kong Society9403 Words   |  38 PagesThe Title Gender Inequality In Modern Hong Kong Society. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.i LIST OF GRAPHS...............................................................................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...ii LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....ii 1 Abstract 1 2 Thesis Statement 2 3 Methodology 3 4.1 Recommendation to Reduce GenderRead MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 Pagesto women. This concept aims to create a neutral criminological theory that does not have any inherent biases based upon gender. The need for this is due to the fact that past criminological theories are inherently sexist and holds old stereotypes of women’s behaviours such as menstruation being a sign of deviant behaviour (Pollack, 1961). Additionally, This feeds into the gender ratio problem, which examines why it is men are more represented in the criminal justice system (Cordella Siegel: 1996)Read MoreSocial inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society‚Äà ¹. Please comment with the reference of the sociology perspectives being discussed in the lecture and textbook.2012 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿2. Social inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society†. Please comment with the reference of the sociology perspectives being discussed i n the lecture and textbook. Social inequality exists in every society, no matter it is capitalist society or communist society. Yet, referring from three of the sociology perspectives, it proves that social inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society. 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The Peninsula Hong Kong was ranked 1st in the Hong Kong best hotel competition, people called it â€Å"Far east lady† to show theirRead MoreWomen s Public Image And Policies Essay2344 Words   |  10 Pageschance to pursue education or even to vote, and now gender equality has became one of the most discussed topic in the nation. Even though many countries and cities are involved in the evolution of gender equality, their attainments on the issue vary, like the United States and Hong Kong. In the U.S., women are being presumed as incapable to finish hard task by themselves, or undeserved for a higher position in corporations. On the other hand, Hong Kong employs women on higher positio n, however, women’sRead MorePersonal Statement : Global Media And Communications Programme856 Words   |  4 Pagesand Communications programme. The exchange programme in Hong Kong University focused heavily on the ideas related to this degree. For instance, the module Globalization and Culture introduced me to the processes and mechanisms associated with rapid globalization nowadays, including media and information technologies. My research for the module was focused on the effects of global media and the Internet in relation to the idea of gender rights, which made me realize how powerful media sourcesRead MoreGender, Race, And Ethnicity And Power Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesparagraphs will explain the struggle of my life experiences being influenced by using the concepts of gender, race and ethnicity and power. My journey began the moment I entered the world on May 25, 1996. I was born and raised in a small developed country called New Zealand. At birth, my biological sex was quickly determine as I was category as a baby girl. My parents, both immigrant from Hong Kong, China in the 1980’s. As a result, I automatically associates with an East Asian background which isRead MoreBecoming A Lawyer As My Future Career2446 Words   |  10 Pagesin a law firm so I am more familiar with the way things work in Hong Kong and in Toronto in relation with the legal profession. The second reason is because since I have experience from working in law firms, therefore, it would only make sense for me to focus my job search in this profession. Lastly, I feel that economically, being a lawyer generates a stable source of income and is a relatively stable job. For me, working in Hong Kong is more of a back up plan in case I am unable to find jobs in relation

The Great American Civil War - 1204 Words

The great American Civil War changed and shaped America back in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but little do we know it still has a lasting effect on us today. The Civil War was so devastating back in the 1860s that it helped to develop many new technologies, ideals, and culture. Some of the effects still hang on around us today, and may even influence your everyday life without you even knowing it. On December 20, 1860 the state of South Carolina seceded from the Union, United States of America, to form a new country, the Confederate States of America, Confederacy. This happened just after the election when the first republican president, Abraham Lincoln, was voted into office. At the time, South Carolina was the only state to secede from the union. On April 12, 1861, a full 114 days, a tiny fort was attacked. The fort was called Fort Sumter. It was the first attack on the United States of America by the Confederate States of America. There were no casualties in the battle, but it had a drastic effect on what was to come. Just 58 days after the Battle of Fort Sumter, eleven other states seceded from the United States of America to join South Carolina in the Confederate States of America.The United States of America had split in half, and war could not be stopped. The first major battle of the Civil War was known as the First Battle of Bull Run which occurred at Manassas, Virginia. A little over 55,000 soldiers engaged in the battle, in which just over 4,700 casualtiesShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Great Battles of the American Civil War1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Battles of the American Civil War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War, often called the War for Southern Independence began on April 12, 1861. The main cause of the war was slavery. The southern states depended on slaves to help grow crops which were the main source of income for the south. Slavery was illegal in all of the northern states but most people actually were neutral about it. The main conflict was if slavery should be permitted in the newly developing western territories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first battleRead MoreUnderstanding The Civil War1710 Words   |  7 Pages Civil War Chris Cowan HIS/155 November 11, 2015 Civil War Understanding the Civil War is very important, to understand the way America has been shaped through out the past couple of centuries. Shelby Foote, a historian, believed that the Civil War defines the people in America. The Civil War was a war involving the North (The Union) and the South (The Confederates) who had different points of view over whether or not slavery was justified. Ultimately around 600,000 Americans lost theirRead MoreDebate on Civil War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Historians’ Debate on the Civil War The American Civil War has without a doubt left a permanent divide on this great nation’s past and present. American historians still debate the causes of a war that began in 1861 between the Union states and Confederacy states. The war can be seen as caused by the principle of slavery, the growing tension between northern and southern ideology or due to a crack in the political system of the time. United States’ history classes focus on teaching studentsRead MoreWars And Changes During The United States Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesWars and Changes in The United States The United States of American is a superpower in the world. Although it just have almost 240 years’ history, it experienced more than 200 wars. As a saying does, â€Å" Bad times make a good man†, the United States never lack of great leaders. For example, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin Roosevelt were the three well-known presidents in the U.S. history. Additionally, wars and conflicts changed the United States directly and indirectly. ForRead MoreThe Civil War And American History890 Words   |  4 Pages In American History many significant events took place that reflected religious faith of multiple Americans and has shaped the world we live in today. Throughout the 1800s, the most memorable times in America took place throughout the Civil War. Events that escalated before, during and even following the Civil War resulted in a chain of reactions from many people within that period. After analyzing the events of the Civil War, I was able to dra w a connection to the actions of the soldiers, womenRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause he did great things such as ending slavery, getting the us through the Civil War, and helped our country a lot. The American Civil War was a war between the Southern states and the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln was not very prepared for the war militarily, but he knew about war. His time in office was peaceful for about a month and he was the only president whose whole presidency was focused on war. Lincoln took care of both the political and military aspects of the Civil War and he servedRead MoreHow the Civil War Effected South Carolina810 Words   |  4 Pages The Civil War had a multi-faceted effect on Charleston, South Carolina. As a result of the American Civil War, Charleston’s economy, agriculture, slavery, architecture, and lifestyle forever changed. Charleston, the site of great devastation during and after the American Civil War, took decades to recover. However, Charleston became the most beautiful city in South Carolina. The American Civil War affected Charleston’s agriculture in an enormous way. During the Civil War, as Charleston’sRead MoreThe American Civil War, Wars, And Rumors Of Wars1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War Wars, Wars and rumors of wars!!!! Everyone knows the United States has had its fair share of wars. Let me start by giving you a brief list of wars the United States has participated in according to Wikipedia. Both â€Å"Barbary Wars (1801-1805, 1815-1816), Wars of 1812, Mexican-American War (1846-48), American Civil War (1861-65), Indian War (1865-91), Spanish-American War( 1898), Philippine-American War (1899-1902) Border War(Mexican Revolutionary)1910-1919, World War I (1917-18)Read MoreThe Civil War : The And Soul Of The United States Of America1749 Words   |  7 Pagesstates’ opinions. Then, the Civil War happened. This war was one of the most pivotal points in American history. The government tried to make a decision on its own without the consent of the country as a whole. This led to the destruction of the rights of the people. The destruction of the rights of the people gave the majority of the power to the federal government, who have abused it, repeatedly, ever si nce. America has gone through very dark time as a result of the Civil War. 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King Lear †Jealousy Between Goneril and Regan Free Essays

In terms of power, Lear becomes the complete opposite of what he is in Act One by the end of Act Two. The fool says, â€Å"Now thou art an O without/ a figure. I am better than thou art now: I am a Fool, thou/ art nothing† (I. We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear – Jealousy Between Goneril and Regan or any similar topic only for you Order Now iv. 197-199). As the play progresses, the Fool points out that King Lear has become nothing. Misjudgment, betrayal and becoming â€Å"nothing† (I. iv. 199) leads King Lear into near madness by the end of Act Two. King Lear is very oblivious in the beginning of the play. His demanding personality reveals to the audience that he is blind to the truth. By asking his daughters, â€Å"Which of you shall we say doth love us most† (I. i. 53), it shows a vulnerable side of him because he craves being worshiped. Lear is more interested in listening to a speech on how wonderful he is, rather than leaving his empire in the hands of someone responsible. His thirst for compliments is so drastic that he even disowns his daughter for not worshiping him, also showing his lack of awareness because she truly loved him. We see Lear as a powerful character that puts himself in front of others in Act One. King Lear is so used to being treated like royalty that going from the most powerful person in England to virtually nothing in such a small amount of time nearly makes him fall into madness by the end of Act Two. Goneril and Regan are the main cause of this. At first, Lear was oblivious to their daughters plot to rule him out. Lear starts to catch on to this, and for the first time in the play, he is aware. After being abandoned by his daughters, Lear says â€Å"O fool, I shall go mad† (2. 4. 281), showing that he realizes the mistake he’s made. At this point in the play, the status of King Lear and his daughters have completely shifted. King Lears’ intentions were never evil, but his greedy actions were the cause of his fall. By the end of act 2, Lear gains more insight on what is really going on around him. Other characteristics from Act One still remain, such as his hunger for authority: The king would speak with Cornwall. The dear father Would with his daughter speak, commands, tends service. Are they â€Å"informed† of this? My breath and blood! â€Å"Fiery†? The â€Å"fiery† duke? Tell the hot duke that Lear— (II. iv. 91-96) Later on in the play, Lear says to Regan, â€Å"I have a full case of weeping but this heart/Shall break a hundred thousand flaws,/or ere ill weep- O fool, I shall go mad? †(2. 4. 281-283), at this point of the play, the audience feels pity for Lear. The Lear we see in Act Two is deprived of his powers through lies and evil tricks from Regan and Goneril. Th is has caused the King to become nothing, in contrast to the greedy and cruel King we see in Act One. How to cite King Lear – Jealousy Between Goneril and Regan, Papers

The Priceless Adventure Essay Example For Students

The Priceless Adventure Essay The Priceless Adventure: At the airport terminal, I waved my lastgood-byes and began to nervously walk toward the checkpoint, turning aroundtwice, telling myself I was absolutely crazy! I had finally found a way to livein another country. There I was, on the next flight to Germany, with noknowledge of the language or how different it would actually be-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-Category:MiscellaneousPaper Title:The Priceless AdventureText:At the airport terminal, I waved my last good-byes and began to nervouslywalk toward the checkpoint, turning around twice, telling myself I wasabsolutely crazy! I had finally found a way to live in another country. There Iwas, on the next flight to Germany, with no knowledge of the language or howdifferent it would actually be. But I was on a mission to be a part of a newculture and see if the grass is greener on the other side. We will write a custom essay on The Priceless Adventure specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This was my first time on an airplane, a twelve-hour flight from Los Angeles,California to Dusseldorf, Germany. I was flying on a German Airline called LTU. I found my isle seat and tried to get comfortable when I noticed everyone wasspeaking German. It was quite a shock because five minutes before everyone wasconversing in English. This is where the culture shock began. The plane landed on time in Dusseldorf where my eight-hour layover wouldunfold into quite an adventure. I couldnt wait to get off the plane; I was soanxious, I found myself pushing the people ahead of me to hurry up. As Icornered around the turn to the exit, I caught my first glimpse of the place Ihad never set eyes on before, which was quite exhilarating. The skies were aperfect blue with not a single cloud in the sky, and surrounding the airportwere fields that looked like they could go on forever. Once in the airport,after the chaotic entrance through customs, I collected my luggage and decidedto check the place out. It was not as modern as the airport in Los Angeles, andit reeked of cigarettes due to no laws against it. Later, I found out that itMaldonado 2was allowed practically everywhere, even in hospitals. After walking aroundwith two heavy pieces of luggage, I had to call home to report I was safe andtalk to someone familiar. I found a pay phone and started to dial collect w hen aloud message began to shout in my ear. I slammed the phone down and reached intomy backpack for my English-to-German book. I saw an elderly lady sitting on abench near the phone, and I slowly moved in and sat next to her. She lookednice, so I turned to her and blurted out, Hello. I started to fumblethrough the pages of my book, and I couldnt find the right words to explainmy problem fast enough. At this time, she was speaking to me in German, and Iinterrupted her with, Do you speak English? She began to ramble again, andI couldnt help but laugh because I didnt understand a word she had justsaid. As she went on, a young man about my age, 18 or so, approached me. Hi, is there anything I can help you with?Well, yea, I dont know how to use the phones here to call the US. OK, what you have to do is buy a phone card and, then, I can help you makethe call. He directed me to this little store directly across the way from us. I ranover and almost knocked over a rack of post cards. At the window there stood twoladies chit chatting back and forth. I had to interrupt because they did notnotice me practically falling in front of them. .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 , .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .postImageUrl , .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 , .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753:hover , .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753:visited , .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753:active { border:0!important; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753:active , .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753 .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dac332d1da6c31175420ab1cd0f9753:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On The Relative Intelligence Of Women: A Review Of Twos EssayExcuse me, I pointed to the phone cards. She surprised me with, How many minutes would you like?Maldonado 3The one with the most, please. I was thinking in the back of my head, do you have one that would last eighthours? I pulled out a wad of cash and was immediately pointed in anotherdirection. I walked fast across the way to a bank that would convert my Americandollars into Deutsche Marks. I had never been through so much to make a measlyphone call. I grabbed the cash, which resembled play money. I then paid for myphone card and spotted my help. All full of excitement, I flashed him my cardlike I had

Clear research essay instructions

Clear research essay instructions Research essay One of the common assignments that professors give to students is writing a research essay. In order to produce an original work, you should bear in mind the following points:Select a fascinating subject. Thus, it will be easier for you to prepare the paper. In addition, the very process will not be boring. Conduct thorough research to gather valuable material on the explored matter. Write your work.As it is seen, there is nothing complicated in taking these steps. However, professors are often dissatisfied with the submitted papers. They say that students essays lack clarity. Therefore, it is necessary to find out how a work of the finest quality should be produced. Consider the following: First, you should select a great subject from a huge variety of research essay topics. Note that there are some cases when professors give students topics for examination on their own. For example, you may need to explore The history of Europe of the 20th century. Therefore, your task may be to identify significant events of that period and show how they have influenced peoples lives. You may also need to describe the most important people of that time and examine how they may have changed the history of the continent. For this reason, you should select a key historical event of the 20th century. If your topic seems too general, you should narrow it. Note that it may be hard to cover a broad subject. The thing is that you may collect enough useful information about the issue. Nonetheless, you will not know how to organize your work in the right way. When choosing a topic for your paper, you should avoid the following topic The development of European countries in the 20th century. It is better to formulate the topic in the following way: The legal system of Austria and its influence on the political and economic development of the country. If the subject of your piece of writing is specific, it will be easier to analyze it. In this case, you will surely understand how to write a research essay properly. When you are assigned to examine a particular issue, you need to analyze it in detail. You should not just provide readers with available information about the subject. If you explore it carefully, your professor will see that you are well aware of every detail about it. In order to write exclusive research essays, it is necessary to do detailed extensive research. Therefore, you should read books, articles, or journals containing concrete and interesting facts about the issue. Note that the best way to prepare a top-notch essay is to formulate the main idea clearly. There is no need to explore a few subjects at once. When the topic is selected, you should write a research essay outline. It is necessary to admit that each academic work consists of some basic parts. Thus, your paper should include Introduction, Body, and Concluding paragraph. When writing an introductory paragraph, you need to present your topic. The main body is a fundamental element of your essay. It usually includes a few paragraphs. Each of them discusses a particular idea relating to the topic. Students sometimes do not know how to organize the body appropriately to cover all the required aspects of the research essay. However, you should find and adopt a suitable method for constructing it. Do not forget to present your opinion on the matter and that of other researchers. The conclusion paragraph should summarize the main point of your work logically.

Guide to The Communist Manifesto

Guide to The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto, originally known as The Manifesto of the Communist Party, was published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, and is one of the most widely taught texts within sociology. The text was commissioned  by the Communist League in London and was originally published there, in German. While at the time it served as a political rally cry for the communist movement throughout Europe, it is so widely taught today because it offers a shrewd and early critique of capitalism and its social and cultural implications. For students of sociology, the text is a useful primer on Marxs critique of capitalism, which is presented in much more depth and detail in  Capital, Volumes 1-3. History The Communist Manifesto is the product of the joint development of ideas between Marx and Engels, and rooted in debates held by Communist League leaders in London; however, the final draft was written solely by Marx. The text became a significant political influence in Germany and led to Marx being expelled from the country, and his permanent move to London. It  was first published in English in 1850.   Despite its controversial reception in Germany and its pivotal role in Marxs life, the text was paid rather little attention until the 1870s, when Marx took a prominent role in the International Workingmens Association, and publicly supported the 1871 Paris commune and socialist movement. The text also captured wider attention thanks to its role in a treason trial held against German Social Democratic Party leaders. Marx and Engels revised and republished the text after it became more widely known, which resulted in the text that we know today. It has been popular and widely read around the world since the late 19th century, and continues to serve as a basis for critiques of capitalism, and as a call for social, economic, and political systems that are organized by equality and democracy, rather than exploitation. Introduction to the Manifesto A spectre is haunting Europe- the spectre of communism. Marx and Engels begin the manifesto by pointing out that those in power across Europe have identified communism as a threat, which they believe means that as a movement, it has the political potential to change the power structure and economic system that was currently in place (capitalism). They then state that the movement requires a manifesto and that this is what the text is meant to be. Part 1: Bourgeois and Proletarians The history of all hitherto existing society  is the history of class struggles. In Part 1 of the manifesto, Marx and Engels explain the evolution and functioning of the unequal and exploitative class structure that resulted from the rise of capitalism as an economic system. They explain that while political revolutions overturned the unequal hierarchies of feudalism, in their place sprung a new class system composed primarily of a bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and proletariat (wage workers). They wrote,  The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Marx and Engels explain that the bourgeoisie have done this not just by control of industry, or the economic engine of society, but also because those within this class seized state power by creating and controlling the post-feudal political system. Consequently, they explain, the state (or, government) reflects the world views and interests of the bourgeoisie classthe wealthy and powerful minorityand not those of the proletariat, who are actually the majority of society. Next Marx and Engels explain the cruel, exploitative reality of what happens when workers are forced to compete with each other and sell their labor to the owners of capital. An important consequence, the offer, is the stripping away of other kinds of social ties that used to bind people together in society. Within what has come to be known as a cash nexus, workers are mere commoditiesexpendable, and easily replaceable. They go on to explain that because capitalism is premised on growth, the system is gobbling up all people and societies around the world. As the system grows, expands, and evolves its methods and relations of production, ownership, and thus wealth and power are increasingly centralized within it. (The global scale of todays capitalist economy and the extreme concentration of ownership and wealth among the global elite show us that the 19th-century observations of Marx and Engels were on point.) However, Marx and Engels wrote, the system itself is designed for failure. Because as it grows and ownership and wealth concentrate, the exploitative conditions of wage laborers only worsen over time, and these sew the seeds of revolt. They observe that, in fact, that revolt is already fomenting; the rise of the Communist party is a sign of this. Marx and Engels conclude this section with this proclamation: What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. It is this section of the text that is considered the main body of the Manifesto, and is most often quoted, and taught as an abridged version to students. The following sections are less well-known. Part 2: Proletarians and Communists In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all. In this section, Marx and Engels explain what it is exactly that the Communist Party wants for society. They begin by pointing out that the Communist Party is not a political workers party like any other because it does not represent a particular faction of workers. Rather, it represents the interests of workers (the proletariat) as a whole. These interests are shaped by the class antagonisms created by capitalism and the rule of the bourgeoisie and transcend national borders. They explain, quite plainly, that the Communist Party seeks to turn  the proletariat into a cohesive class with clear and unified class interests, to overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie, and to seize and redistribute political power. The crux of doing this, Marx and Engels explain, is the abolition of private property, which is the manifest of capital, and the essence of wealth hoarding. Marx and Engels acknowledge that this proposition is met with scorn and derision on the part of the bourgeoisie. To this, they reply: You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society. In other words, clinging to the importance and necessity of private property only benefits the bourgeoisie in a capitalist society. Everyone else has little to no access to it and suffers under its reign. If you question the validity of this claim in todays context, just consider the vastly unequal distribution of wealth in the U.S., and the mountain of consumer, housing, and educational debt that buries most of the population. Then, Marx and Engels state the ten goals of the Communist Party: Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.Abolition of all rights of inheritance.Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.Centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the  populace over the country.Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc. While some of these might seem controversial and troubling, consider that some of them have and do exist in a variety of nations around the world. Part 3: Socialist and Communist Literature In Part 3 Marx and Engels present an overview of three different types of socialist literature, or critiques of the bourgeoisie, that existed at their time, in order to provide context for the Manifesto. These include reactionary socialism, conservative or bourgeois socialism, and critical-utopian socialism or communism. They explain that the first type is either backward-looking and seeking to return to some kind of feudal structure, or that seeks to really preserve conditions as they are and is actually opposed to the goals of the Communist Party. The second, conservative or bourgeois socialism, is the product of  members of the bourgeoisie savvy enough to know that one must address some grievances of the proletariat in order to maintain the system as it is. Marx and Engels note that economists, philanthropists, humanitarians, those that run charities, and many other do-gooders espouse and produce this particular ideology, which seeks to make minor adjustments to the system rathe r than change it (for a contemporary take on this, see the differing implications of a Sanders versus a Clinton presidency). The third type is concerned with  offering real critiques of the class structure and social structure, and a vision of what could be, but suggests that the goal should be to create new and separate societies rather than fight to reform the existing one, so it too is opposed to a collective struggle by the proletariat. Part 4:  Position of the Communists in Relation to the  Various Existing Opposition Parties In the final section Marx and Engels point out that the Communist Party supports all revolutionary movements that challenge the existing social and political order, and close the Manifesto with a call for unity among the proletariat with their famous rally cry, Working men of all countries, unite!